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This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 33/8/1142    most recent 0363546505274718v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (6) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kaplan, L. D. Articles by Bradley, J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kaplan, L. D. Articles by Bradley, J. Related Collections Epidemiology Shoulder Football

Prevalence and Variance of Shoulder Injuries in Elite Collegiate Football Players

Lee D. Kaplan, MD^*,, David C. Flanigan, MD, John Norwig, ATC, Patrick Jost, MS and James Bradley, MD

From the Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, the Pittsburgh Steelers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

^* Address correspondence to Lee D. Kaplan, MD, University of Wisconsin Hospital & Clinics, 600 Highlands Avenue, K4/731, Madison, WI 53792-7375 (e-mail: kaplan{at}surgery.wisc.edu).

Background: Shoulder injuries are the fourth most common musculoskeletal injury encountered in American football players. There is little information in the literature on the role of playing position in the type of shoulder injuries seen.

Hypothesis: There is a high prevalence of shoulder injuries in elite collegiate American football players, with type of injury varying by playing position.

Study Design: Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: A total of 336 elite collegiate American football players were invited to the National Football League Combine for physical testing and medical evaluation. Current and historical data were evaluated for the purpose of this study, and all players underwent radiographic examinations, including plain radiographs and/or magnetic resonance imaging when necessary. All shoulder pathological conditions and shoulder surgical procedures were recorded. Players were categorized by position for the analysis of position-specific trends.

Results: Of the players, 50% had a history of shoulder injuries, with a total of 226 shoulder injuries (1.3 injuries per player injured); 56 players (34%) had a total of 73 surgeries. The most common injuries were acromioclavicular separation (41%), anterior instability (20%), rotator cuff injury (12%), clavicle fracture (4%), and posterior instability (4%). The most common surgeries performed were anterior instability reconstruction (48%), Mumford/Weaver-Dunn surgery (15%), posterior instability surgery (10%), and rotator cuff surgery (10%). Shoulder injuries were more common in quarterbacks and defensive backs. Surgery was more common in linebackers or linemen. A history of anterior instability was more common in defensive players, with surgery required 76% of the time. Linemen had more rotator cuff injuries and posterior instability than players in other positions.

Conclusion: Shoulder injuries are common injuries in elite collegiate football players, with one-third undergoing surgical procedures. There are definitive trends in the types of injuries per player position.

Key Words: shoulder injuries • football-related shoulder injuries • positional injuries

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