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First published on March 11, 2004, doi:10.1177/0363546503261732
This version was published on April 1, 2004
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The American Journal of Sports Medicine 32:765-771 (2004)
© 2004 American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine

Porcine Tibia Is a Poor Substitute for Human Cadaver Tibia for Evaluating Interference Screw Fixation

Janne T. Nurmi, DVM, PhD*,{dagger},{ddagger}, Harri Sievänen, ScD§, Pekka Kannus, MD, PhD*,{dagger},§,||, Markku Järvinen, MD, PhD*,{dagger} and Teppo L. N. Järvinen, MD, PhD*,{dagger},¶

From the * Medical School and the Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland, the {dagger} Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, the {ddagger} Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, the § Bone Research Group, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland, and || Accident and Trauma Research Center, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland

Address correspondence to Teppo Järvinen, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, University of Tampere/IMT, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland (email: teppo.jarvinen{at}uta.fi).

Background: Animal tissues are commonly used in anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation studies.

Hypothesis: Porcine bones and tendons provide good surrogates for human cadaver tissues in the biomechanical evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Study Design: Randomized experimental study.

Method: Three different tissue models—pure porcine (porcine graft fixed in porcine tibia, group 1), combination (human hamstring graft and porcine tibia, group 2), and pure human (human graft and tibia, group 3)—were compared using both cyclic-loading and subsequent single-cycle load-to-failure tests to assess the effect of graft and bone tissue source (porcine vs human) on the fixation strength of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Results: In the cyclic-loading test, the displacement (slippage) after 1500 cycles was 2.0 mm ± 0.7 mm, 1.6 mm ± 0.4 mm, and 4.4 mm ± 1.9 mm for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P < .001 between 1 and 2 vs 3). In the subsequent single-cycle load-to-failure test, the corresponding average yield loads were 668 N ± 157 N, 962 N ± 238 N, and 448 N ± 98 N, all differences being statistically significant.

Conclusions: In comparison to young human cadaver tibia, porcine tibia underestimate graft slippage and overestimate the failure load of the soft tissue graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Clinical Relevance: Porcine tibia does not provide a reasonable surrogate for human cadaver tibia for evaluating ACL reconstructions.

Key Words: anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation • surrogate tissue • animal • cadaver • biomechanical testing




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