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Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
The rehabilitation of knee injuries involving the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is controversial. This paper describes strain in the normal and reconstructed ACL during a series of passive and active tests of knee flexion with and without varus, valgus, and axial rotation torques on the tibia. Strain in the human knee ACL was significantly different depending on whether the knee flexion angle was changed passively or via simulated quadriceps contraction. The knee joint capsule was found to be important for strain protection of the ACL. Quadriceps activity did not strain the normal or recon structed ACL when the knee was flexed beyond 60°, but significantly strained the tissue from 0 to 45° of knee flexion. Immobilization may not protect the ACL if isometric quadriceps contractions are allowed to occur. Properly placed reconstructions exhibited strain behav ior which closely followed the anteromedial band of the ACL.
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P. W. O'Connell, G. W. Nuber, R. A. Mileski, and E. Lautenschlager The contribution of the glenohumeral ligaments to anterior stability of the shoulder joint Am. J. Sports Med., December 1, 1990; 18(6): 579 - 584. [Abstract] [PDF]
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R. E. Hunter, W. D. Lew, J. L. Lewis, C. Kowalczyk, and W. Settle Graft force-setting technique in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 1990; 18(1): 12 - 19. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. A. McCarthy, J. R. Steadman, J. Dunlap, R. Shively, and S. Stonebrook A nonparallel, nonisometric synthetic graft augmentation of a patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A model for assessment of stress shielding Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 1990; 18(1): 43 - 49. [Abstract] [PDF]
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F. F. Cook, J. E. Tibone, and F. C. Redfern A dynamic analysis of a functional brace for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 1989; 17(4): 519 - 524. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. F. Draganich, B. Reider, and P. R. Miller An in vitro study of the Muller anterolateral femorotibial ligament tenodesis in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee Am. J. Sports Med., June 1, 1989; 17(3): 357 - 362. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. F. Anderson and A. B. Lipscomb Analysis of rehabilitation techniques after anterior cruciate reconstruction Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 1989; 17(2): 154 - 160. [Abstract] [PDF]
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E. S. Grood, M. S. Hefzy, and T. N. Lindenfield Factors affecting the region of most isometric femoral attachments: Part I: The posterior cruciate ligament Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 1989; 17(2): 197 - 207. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. S. Hefzy, E. S. Grood, and F. R. Noyes Factors affecting the region of most isometric femoral attachments: Part II: The anterior cruciate ligament Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 1989; 17(2): 208 - 216. [Abstract] [PDF]
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R. Nisell, M. O. Ericson, G. Nemeth, and J. Ekholm Tibiofemoral joint forces during isokinetic knee extension Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 1989; 17(1): 49 - 54. [Abstract] [PDF]
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W. A. Grana and G. Muse The effect of exercise on laxity in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee Am. J. Sports Med., December 1, 1988; 16(6): 586 - 588. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L.-G. Elmqvist, R. Lorentzon, M. Langstrom, and A. R. Fugl-Meyer Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: Long-term effects of different knee angles at primary immobilization and different modes of early training Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 1988; 16(5): 455 - 462. [Abstract] [PDF]
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D. A. Penner, D. M. Daniel, P. Wood, and D. Mishra An in vitro study of anterior cruciate ligament graft placement and isometry Am. J. Sports Med., June 1, 1988; 16(3): 238 - 243. [Abstract] [PDF]
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C. C. Kain, J. A. McCarthy, S. Arms, M. H. Pope, J. R. Steadman, P. R. Manske, and R. A. Shively An in vivo analysis of the effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the quadriceps and hamstrings on anterior cruciate ligament deformation Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 1988; 16(2): 147 - 152. [Abstract] [PDF]
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